Iron and Steel Industry - The Canadian Encyclopedia. Iron is the primary raw material used to produce steel — itself an alloy of concentrated iron with a minute amount of carbon. Globally, steel production drives 9. The purpose of a blast furnace is to chemically reduce and physically convert iron oxides into liquid iron called "hot metal". The blast furnace is a huge, steel. Buy Pioneer DVL-919 DVD / Laser Disc / CD and CD-R Player: DVD Players - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases. My dishwasher has been making loud grinding noises during the wash cycle. It cleans the dishes fine but the noise has me concerned. It seems to only make the grinding. ![]() HOGAN STEEL ARCHIVE. INTRODUCTION. The “Hogan Steel Archive,” representing a three-year collaborative effort of the Walsh Library’s Department of Archives. Basic Oxygen Furnace Route Steelmaking Costs 2016 Conversion costs for BOF steelmaking. Steel Cost Modelling Notes The Steel Costing Model The economic model shown. Danieli Corus has been awarded a contract by Hebei Jingye Iron and Steel Co. But while medical devices are often old and out of date and therefore more vulnerable to attack, so far there have been no known cases of hackers harming patients by. APA 6 th Edition. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Iron and steel industry. Retrieved June 3, 2017 From http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en. Iron extraction and steel production have historically constituted major industries in Canada, especially in the industrial zones of Ontario and Qu. It occurs in certain minerals, the most important being magnetite, hematite, goethite, pyrrhotite, siderite, ilmenite and pyrite. Pyrite and pyrrhotite, although plentiful, are rarely used as iron ores because of the high amounts of sulphur they contain. Canadian iron ores consist mostly of hematite or magnetite, and some siderite and ilmenite. Besides oxides of iron, iron ores contain gangue — minerals such as quartz or fluorite not wanted in iron making. Iron- bearing rock may be upgraded by removing gangue through concentration. This requires fine grinding of the ore, followed by separation of the iron- rich from the gangue particles (e. The upgraded iron- rich material (. The largest corporate producer is the Iron Ore Company of Canada, (of which Rio Tinto controls a majority share). Iron and Steel IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. John Masaitis. Iron is most widely found in the crust of the earth, in the form of various minerals (oxides.Combined, these provinces account for virtually all of the iron ore mined in Canada. First discovered in 1. Trough has been the site of iron extraction since 1. Without steel, the world as we know it would not exist: from oil tankers to thumbtacks, from trucks to tin cans, from transmission towers to toasters. Given the huge quantities of steel produced, it is fortunate that the material is easy to recycle. In fact, many of Canada's steel plants make steel totally from scrap. Today, every remaining steel mill in the country is owned by foreign investors and Canada is a net importer of the manufactured product. Steel production requires iron, steel scrap and flux (. The iron ore is smelted to produce an impure metal called . The hot metal is refined to remove impurities and to develop the desired composition. ![]() ![]() ![]() The liquid steel is continuously cast into blooms, slabs or billets, and these semi- finished products are processed into the desired shapes by rolling or forging. Producers include such companies as Essar Steel Algoma (formerly Algoma Steel) of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Dofasco of Hamilton, Ontario, and Arcelor. Mittal Montr. They can make the same range of semi- finished (slabs, blooms and billets) and finished steel products as the larger iron and steel integrated producers (hot- and cold- roll strip, plate, rod, bars, shapes). Producers include such companies as Gerdau- Ameri. Steel of Whitby, Ontario, and Arcelor. Mittal in Contrecoeur, Qu. The biggest steel plants in Canada have been built along the Great Lakes. St. Lawrence Seaway system, where they receive iron ores from northern Ontario, Qu. Other integrated steel plants, however, have been built in areas where abundant scrap and a ready market for finished steel exists. Scrap recycling companies are included in this group. Processors include such companies as DJ Galvanizing Corporation of Windsor, Ontario, for hot dip galvanizing, and Union Drawn Steel of Hamilton, Ontario, for bar drawing. The molten metal is ladled or poured into sand or metal moulds. The cast parts produced can be complex in shape, and often designed to meet one- of- a- kind end uses. Fabricators take the various primary steel mill products and turn them — cut- to- size, shape, machine, thread, punch, join, protective coat, etc. Foundries and fabricators include such companies as Baycoat Ltd. The carbon monoxide in these gases reacts with the iron oxides in the ore to form metallic iron and carbon dioxide. The iron formed melts and, as it percolates through the coke column, dissolves carbon. By the time it reaches the hearth, it is saturated with carbon, and it also contains silicon, phosphorus, manganese and sulphur. The stone and ore form a low- melting, free- running liquid slag, which absorbs most of the sulphur entering the furnace (coke is the main sulphur source). Liquid slag, composed of gangue minerals and oxide components of stone, floats on the liquid iron and is separated from the molten metal during furnace tapping. The coke does not melt; it burns on contact with the pressured, preheated air (. Because there is no separation of iron from gangue in the reduction facility, high- grade ores or concentrates (> 9. Many of these solid- state processes use natural gas as the fuel and as the reducing agent (carbon monoxide and hydrogen). Sidbec- Dosco operates such a process, known as the Midrex Process, at Contrecoeur, Qu. During the steelmaking process, the gangue in DRI is removed; the gangue minerals contained in DRI combine with the added lime to form a fluid slag. DRI is superior to scrap in purity and uniformity of composition but these benefits come at a higher cost. Alloy steels contain additional elements (such as manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum) that give them greater strength and specific properties. Stainless steel, for instance, is an alloy of chromium and nickel. In addition to carbon, hot metal and pig iron may contain unwanted elements such as silicon, phosphorus and sulphur. During the steelmaking process, these elements, which make steel brittle, must be removed. Oxygen gas is then injected into the bath of hot metal. Also, lime is added to produce a slag that dissolves sulphur and other unwanted impurities, but does not corrode the converter lining. The injected oxygen gas oxidizes the carbon dissolved in the hot metal to form carbon monoxide and generate heat. When the carbon content of the molten bath drops to the desired level, alloying elements are added, and the liquid steel is tapped into a preheated ladle. The scrap is charged into the furnace and three graphite electrodes descend through the furnace roof. As the electrodes approach the scrap, arcs form (high- voltage power). Due to its higher electrical resistance and to the intense heat radiated by these arcs, the scrap quickly heats to melting temperatures. The remaining impurities, such as sulphur, hydrogen, nitrogen, and non- metallic inclusions, are removed. The methods used include argon stirring, powder desulphurization, and vacuum degassing. Ingots are large, rectangular blocks of steel, most of which are subsequently shaped into semi- finished products — blooms, slabs, billets or special shapes — by primary rolling or forging. Today, continuous casting (CC) is the principal way to solidify and shape liquid steel into semi- finished products. CC eliminates the primary operations. In the CC machine, liquid steel is poured into the top of a water- cooled, oscillating copper mould, and the slab, bloom or billet is discharged continuously from the bottom. In recent years, thin slab casting has gained favour as it eliminates several production steps. Some steels (e. g., sheet, strip) are finished by cold rolling at room temperature to obtain close dimensional tolerances, high- quality surface finish and an exact degree of hardness. These treatments change the properties of steel by altering its crystalline microstructure. To slow the oxidation of steel (rusting) steel products are coated. The most common coatings include zinc, tin, aluminium, vitreous- enamel and organic coatings (e. The first ironworks in Upper Canada, the Marmora Ironworks, near Peterborough, Ontario, began production in 1. It consisted of two charcoal- fired blast furnaces, a forge with two sets of water- powered hammers and special hearths for the production of iron bar. In the late 1. 9th century both the Marmora and the Saint- Maurice ironworks were closed; they could no longer compete with more modern ironworks in Ontario and Nova Scotia, which employed coke- fired blast furnaces. By the early 1. 90. Hamilton and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Iron and steel production grew slowly until the Second World War and then rapidly as the postwar economic boom created a tremendous demand for steel. This method was followed by the invention, a few years later, of the open- hearth process, which from about 1. By 1. 91. 0 the Bessemer Process was no longer in use in North America. Dofasco Inc introduced the BOP to North America in 1. In the early 1. 96. Canadian Liquid Air designed an injector that made it possible to introduce pure oxygen through the bottom of BOP vessels. This method was developed to industrial scale in Germany in 1. The first successful continuous casting machine for steel in North America was developed by Atlas Steels, Welland, Ontario, in 1. Stelco developed the Stelmor rod cooling process, and the Coilbox, a major energy- saving device used in hot- strip rolling mills. Also, it developed the short annealing cycle, another energy- saving development, universally adopted by the steel industry. And Stelco developed the Ardox spiral nail. Lasco developed a slit- rolling technique to make two bars from a single billet. Ipsco was the first company to install a spiral- weld pipe mill.
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